On the client side of the NFS process, there are actually three daemon processes that are used. The first is biod, which stands for block input/output daemon. This daemon processes the input/output with the NFS server on behalf of the user process that is making requests of the remote file system. If you use NFS heavily on a client, you can improve performance by starting up more than one bind daemon. The syntax used to start the daemon is as follows:
/etc/biod [number of daemon processes]
This daemon is usually started in the / et cIrc. local startup file. Modify this file if you want to permanently change the number of daemons running on the client system. You can first test by executing the command online to determine how many daemons you need to start and then place the necessary commands in the startup file.
When deciding performance issues, remember that on a heavily loaded client, making a change in one place might result in poorer performance from another part of the system. So don't assume that you need a lot of extra daemons running unless you can first show that they are needed and do improve performance. Each daemon process is like any other process running on the system, and it uses up system resources, especially memory. Begin by using one or two daemons if you are using a workstation dedicated to one user. For a multiple-user computer, test your performance by increasing the number of daemons until NFS performance is satisfactory (all the time checking, of course, other performance indicators to be sure that the overall system impact is justified).
Although having multiple daemons means that NFS requests can be processed in parallel, remember that the network itself might be a bottleneck. Additional biod daemons will not increase throughput when the network itself is the limiting factor.
Also note that the biod daemon is a client process. You should not run it on an NFS server unless that server is also a client of another NFS server.
In addition to the biod daemon, the lock d and st at d daemons also run on the client
The mount Command
The mount command is used to mount a local file system, and you can also use the command to mount a remote NFS file system. The syntax for using mount to make available a file system being exported by an NFS server is as follows:
mount -F nfs -o options machine:filesystem mountpoint
In some versions of Unix, the syntax for mounting a remote NFS file system is a little different. For example, in SCO Unix you use a lowercase f and an uppercase NFS:
mount -f NFS -o options machine:filesystem mountpoint
In BSD Unix, there is a command called mount nf s, which uses the system call mount to perform most of its functions. This version of the mount command comes with a lot of additional parameters, including the capability to specify on the mount command line whether to use UPD or TCP as the underlying transport mechanism.
The value you supply for machine: filesystem should be the hostname of the remote server that is exporting the file system you want to mount for machine. Substitute the name of the file system for filesystem. The following example causes the remote file system on host zira, called /usr/ projectx/docs, to be made accessible in the local file system hierarchy at the /usr /docs directory:
mount -Fnfs -oro zira:usr/projectx/docs /usr/docs
This is the same way you mount other local file systems into the local hierarchy. Under the / us r/docs directory, you can access any other subdirectories that exist on host zira under the /usr/projectx/docs directory.
The -o parameter can be used to specify options for the mount command. In the preceding example, the letters ro for the option were used to make the remote file system read-only by users on the local computer.
Other options that can be used when mounting a remote file system include the following:
- rw—Mounts the file system for local read-write access, which is the default.
- ro—Mounts the file system for local read-only access.
- suid—Allows setuid execution.
- nosuid—Disallows setuid execution.
- timeo=x—Specifies a timeout value (in tenths of a second). The mount command will fail if it cannot mount the remote file system within this time limit.
- retry=x—The mount command will attempt to mount the remote file system x number of times, with each attempt lasting for the length of time specified by the timeo parameter.
- soft—Causes an error to be returned if the mount is unsuccessful. Opposite of the hard option.
- hard—Causes the mount attempt to continue until it succeeds. Opposite of the so-ft option.
For more command-line parameters and options, see the man page for the mount command for your particular system.
The mountpoint is the path to the location in the local file system where the remote NFS file system will appear, and this path must exist before the mount command is issued. Any files existing in the mountpoint directory will no longer be accessible to users after a remote file system is attached to the directory with the mount command, so do not use just any directory. Note that the files are not lost. They reappear when the remote file system is unmounted.
Using the fstab File to Mount File Systems at Boot Time
When you have file systems that need to be remounted each time the system reboots, you can use the file /etc/fstab to do this. This file is also used to mount local file systems, so be careful when making edits. The format for a record is as follows:
filesystem directoryname type options frequency pass
The filesystem field for a record used to mount a remote file system includes the server hostname and the pathname of the remote file system separated by a colon (hostname: path ). The second field, directoryname, is the path for the mountpoint on the local system, which indicates where the remote system is mounted and made available for access. The next field, type, is used to specify the file- system type, which can be any of the following:
- uf s—A typical local Unix file system.
- mf s—The memory file system.
- nf s—An NFS remote file system.
- swap—A disk partition used for swapping by the virtual memory system.
- msdos—An MS-DOS–compatible file system.
- cd9660—A CD-ROM file system as defined by ISO 9660.
- pr ocf s—A filesystem structure used to access data about processes.
- kernfs—A filesystem structure used to access kernel parameters.
The options field is used for a comma-delimited list of mounting options (rw, ro, and so on). The frequency is used in determining when a file system will be "dumped" for backup purposes. This can usually be set to zero for NFS systems mounted on a client because it is usually the NFS server that is responsible for making backups of local data. The final field, pass, can also be set to zero most of the time for an NFS file system mounted on a client. This field is used by the f sck utility to determine on which pass it is to check this file system.
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